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About the case of interception and dignity public

INTERCEPTION OF EVIL

POLICY sinking

of SERGIO ROMANO

The telephone conversation between Berlusconi and Sacca is only Another episode in the interminable sequence of interceptions that has become the most morbid and educational reality show of national policy. Never before, however, it seemed that an episode at the same time arouse many reasons to be appalled ed'indignazione. I write in first person because I am afraid that some of my feelings of naivety but I hope that Beijing can be enjoyed by many Italians. We have learned that behind the scenes of power, there is an intense exchange of petty favors, that the support of the league is won by a fiction and that the vote of an elected official can be bought with the assumption of a soubrette. How you can make great speeches to the nation, and expect to announce major reforms be believed when we speak, the intimacy of a private conversation, the language of the brokers? The tape recordings of conversations of Nixon (an event that shocked the public for several months in the U.S.) were a tragedy of power. This is just a bad play. An executive at
Rai calls the opposition leader to ask him to interfere in the decisions of its board of directors. He speaks as a character of its worst fiction and is ready to repay the interference finding space for an actress in programs dear to a politician that should be winning the friendship.
Berlusconi is justified by an argument (Rai are all recommended), which describes quite fairly, in all probability, the conditions of the state television. But his words we learned that one of the largest national politicians is not intended to reform the public service, it seeks to use it, if possible, better than others.
Rai has responded to the words of former prime minister with statements tartufesche: one of those releases that are made for the facade, in the belief that everything, however, will continue as before.
The judiciary, for the umpteenth time, seemed insensitive to the consequences of their actions and do not seem prepared to establish how and when the intercepts should leave a file to finish the meal in public.
The political class, with some notable exception, acted with his usual style. The opponents of Berlusconi and his friends were shocked when they defended it. If the intercepts were affected members of the center, as happened a few months ago, the roles were reversed. Never before in these circumstances we have found that the majority and opposition, even when they claim their differences, are similar as twins.
Rai at the service of politics, political leaders in private that contradict their public programs, invasion of privacy, indifference of the judiciary, hypocritical or instrumental responses: I do not know what the worst of evils identified by that interception. But I know that these events are digging a pit in which the whole Italian political danger of sinking.

Source: www.corriere.it

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The certainty of a way out of the labor market

of Cosetta Bergonzini , Alessandra Del Boca and Rota Paul

The single contract that exceeds the current dualism between temporary and permanent recruitment solution is a proposal to solve the problem of insecurity. However, focuses on entry into the labor market, without addressing the problems on the expenditure side. But if you want to reduce the use of atypical contracts and the polarization between insiders and outsiders we can not forget to streamline procedures for dismissal. With the introduction of cost maybe high, but built and reliable. Or the use of compulsory arbitration.

Among the proposals to solve the problem of "insecurity", the most interesting, Tito Boeri and Pietro Garibaldi, proposes to overcome the dualism between permanent and temporary contracts with a single contract. We concentrate therefore on the side of ' entry into the labor market, without addressing the issues on the side of outputs.

costs of dismissal

A proposal that will reduce the "precarious" and the polarization between insider and outsider can not forget to streamline procedures for dismissal. Not eliminated the heavy use of atypical contracts to companies without addressing the problem of when and how the outputs.
Selicenziare an employee takes about five years (1) high costs and great uncertainty , an entrepreneur will be very cautious in assuming indefinitely. This depresses the incentive to invest in training and human capital. The flexibility has made it easier to input the first entry, but has created a kind of secondary market where the less fortunate and less desirable qualifications are struggling to get out. It is this flexibility in input offset the solid plug that is blocking the exits, and that comes from the high level of firing costs and their uncertainty, fueled by the use of Labour Court and the length of the causes.
For individual dismissals, after a transition office for the provincial labor arbitration phase, where it bureaucratically notes that there is no possibility of settlement, he began a long process at the employment tribunal. The cause is subject to the time of the Italian justice: lasts three to six years.
If so, frequently, invalidity of the dismissal, the law provides different results depending on the size of the production structure of the employer: stiffer penalty ( real protection) for companies with more than 15 employees and less stiff penalty ( protection required) for those with fewer than 15 employees .. The stiffer penalty regime is immediately enforceable and the employee can choose to be reintegrated into the workplace. Or get the compensation in lieu of quindicimensilità and solve the employment relationship. The employee is dismissed unfairly compensated for their losses, with a salary commensurate with the salary from the date of dismissal up to that of actual reinstatement. In the event that the worker has carried out another activity during the period of exclusion from, the fees are reduced by the sums awarded as compensation.
La sentenza è esecutiva e l’impresa deve pagare subito tutta l’indennità, anche se ricorrerà in appello. L’appello comporta un altro lungo periodo di attesa, alla fine del quale, se il licenziamento viene considerato giusto, l’impresa dovrebbe farsi rimborsare le mensilità erogate al licenziato.
Il datore di lavoro deve pagare anche le relative sanzioni per l’omissione del pagamento dei contributi durante il periodo in cui la causa era in corso, e che possono essere sostanziose se come spesso accade, dura alcuni anni.
La gestione delle spese procedurali introduce un’ulteriore asimmetria a favore del lavoratore. Se il datore di lavoro vince la causa, le spese giudiziali vanno suddivise tra le parti. Se invece viene condannato deve sostenere anche le spese legali della controparte.
In sintesi, assumere un lavoratore che non si rivela adatto a quel posto di lavoro può costare molto caro: all’indennità bisogna aggiungere le spese legali e i costi dei ritardi della giustizia. Il danno biologico è di solito solo appannaggio del lavoratore licenziato.

Verso la flexicurity

Se le cause di lavoro si risolvono di solito su un arco di tre–sei anni, cosa dovrebbe fare durante quel lungo periodo il lavoratore licenziato, se non cercarsi un altro posto? Quante persone, dopo questo percorso, si fanno reintegrare ?
Pochissime, sia perché the worker must use a survival strategy that involves him in other programs, sometimes in the informal economy, both because I rarely want to be part of a working environment has been affected. Nevertheless, even if reinstatement is not the real objective, there is an incentive to pursue the legal proceedings because the probability of winning is high el'indennità substantial. Of course, this approach exacerbates the uncertainty on the timing and cost of dismissal.
A good proposal for the contract reform should eliminate the distortions that the practice of introducing redundancy into the labor market. It is essential that the costs of dismissal, as high, to be sure. It is important for both the employee and the company. All this can be achieved in two ways:

1) through the introduction of cost dismissal, that no matter how high or even increasing with increasing seniority of the employee or to increase the percentage of unemployment created by the company, are predefined and reliable. This allows the company to exercise its own right and provides good benefits to the employee.

2) through the use of a compulsory arbitration , leaving the court intervention to extreme situations, such as the discriminatory dismissal (racial, sexual or religious) or infringes the fundamental rights of the worker. In this case it is important that the rules are not overwhelmed by the practices, which, as now, tend to loosen the criteria that define the major ones.
Of course, the rationalization of the redundancies can not be separated from the establishment of a system of high unemployment benefits, retraining programs and be accompanied by reintegration of unemployed workers. The recipe is a model of flexicurity, which has shown excellent results in many countries.

(1) The Sole 24 Ore of 07/11/2007.

Source: www.lavoce.info

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the dawn of Corporate Social Responsibility: the Social Doctrine of the Church.

Alberto Mattei

The Social Doctrine of the Church (DSC), to give a general definition and the first and taken into account as an initial study of corporate social responsibility, this is the set of principles, teachings and directives of the Catholic Church intended to address the second the spirit of the Gospel, the social question. With regard to historical sources, the core of the SDC is composed of the social encyclicals and speeches of Popes, including Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII in 1891, the Year Quadragesimo of Pope Pius XI in 1931, the Mater et Magistra of Pope John XXIII in 1961 and, finally, the Centesimus Annus of John Paul II in 1991.

The main points that you can single out from the texts on social teaching, the issues concerning human, labor and the state, inseparably linked: on the one hand, man, because creature of God, endowed with supernatural and spiritual dignity e figura al centro dell'ordine economico, sociale e politico: egli ha diritto al lavoro, all'uso dei beni materiali, alla proprietà, al giusto salario, alla libertà, alla partecipazione alla vita dello Stato, all'istruzione, alla collaborazione nella produzione della ricchezza; dall'altro, il lavoro, perché esso deve essere opera non di schiavi, ma, appunto, di uomini: è vera vocazione, mezzo per sviluppare la persona umana e, allo stesso tempo, esecuzione della volontà di Dio, perciò deve essere tutelato dalle leggi, giustamente retribuito e diritto di tutti. Infine, lo Stato: esso deve allo stesso tempo proteggere l'uomo e garantire il lavoro, nella cui comunità è identificabile l’impresa .

substantial evidence of the social encyclicals of the Church in particular concern due to large economic and social events in the channel of the Gospel message: the industrial revolution and distributive conflicts that it had generated (Rerum Novarum ) ; the crisis of the capitalist system in the late twenties and thirties ( Quadragesimo Year), the ecumenical vision of development and solidarity of the peoples of the late sixties (Mater et Magistra ), and finally, the fall of the systems collectivist and the reaffirmation of the global perspective of the development and solidarity of the early nineties (Centesimus Annus ).

SDC, it should be noted, has no institutional arrangements or economic models to be proposed, but worries that such constructions of the men are respectful of individual freedom and its values, because it can be placed instead on economic and political situation when confronted with the economic liberalism and the Marxist-socialist doctrines, from a theological-ethical field it deserves: with an ecumenical vision, in fact, indicates the global perspective for the solution of problems of development and solidarity among peoples.

In a globalized world, access to or exclusion from the new information and communication becomes increasingly true discriminating between rich and poor countries and education and training of the work will form the focal point of the transition from one reality to another. The company is therefore the privileged place where you can make this leap and fundamental is the role of socially responsible market economy, because it teaches us how the social teaching of the Church, manifests the creativity of 'Man, that allows you to build wealth and, consequently, di realizzare una maggiore giustizia distributiva. L'impresa è, infatti, comunità di uomini e di valori, dove ognuno è chiamato a dare il meglio di se stesso in atteggiamento di servizio verso gli altri, moltiplicando i talenti che ha ricevuto .

La DSC, pur precisando che il sistema di mercato nel quale le imprese operano, risulta essere compatibile con la propria dottrina, afferma che tutto ciò non può contrastare con la dignità umana, e che sussiste una funzione sociale, mantenendo fermi i capisaldi della dignità della persona umana e della destinazione universale dei beni, ragion per cui l'interesse dell'impresa is not limited to it. For this reason, it takes ownership of the attitudes of individuals and communities, political participation and respect for ecological constraints.

Article published in the periodical The Apricittà - quarterly of facts and ideas promoted by ACLI, Christian Associations of Italian Workers, December 2007.

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C 'is a voice within us that leads us to doubt God

Carlo Maria Martini

Who is God for me? Since boyhood I've always liked the 'invocation of that in my opinion San Francesco d 'Assisi, "My God is my everything." I liked it because God wanted to in some way with a totality, a world where everything is summed up and everything is reason to be. So I tried to express the ineffable mystery, from which nothing escapes. But I also saw God as more specifically the father of Jesus Christ, the God who makes himself close to us in Jesus' Eucharist. So there 'was a series of images that somehow overlapped or were replaced by the' one off 'each other: the' more mysterious, alleging that he is 'unknowable' s other more precise and concrete, which passed for the figure of Jesus I realized early on that talking about God meant to address a duality, as a contradiction almost insuperable. That is, to think of a sacred reality inaccessible to be deeply far, of which we can not say the name of which we do not know almost anything and everything in the certainty that this Being is close to us, loves us, look, it takes, come to us with love compassionate and forgiving. Put together these two things seem a bit 'impossible, as indeed hold together the rigorous justice and infinite mercy of God We do not choose between the' one and 'other, we live in balance (...). As the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the statement "I believe in God" is the most important, the source of all other truths on 'man on the world and throughout the life of every believer in him. D 'other hand, the very fact that we speak of' belief 'and not simply to acknowledge its existence, means that it is actually an act which is not a simple deductive knowledge, but involves the whole' man in a personal commitment . On this point, as on many others related to knowledge of God, c 'was, there' is and there will always be great debate. For some, the reality of God is known through a simple argument, others are also needed in many provisions of the heart and the person (...). It is therefore possible to know God in the natural powers of reason alone? The First Vatican Council affirms, and too ' I l 'I always believed in obedience to the Council. But perhaps it is the natural reason conceived in the abstract, before sin. Concretely, our human nature historical, full of detours, needs practical help, given to you by God's mercy in abundance So it is not so important the distinction between the possibility of natural knowledge and supernatural, because we know God with a and knowledge that comes from nature, by the grace and the Holy Spirit, which is poured on us by God himself. We must therefore accept to say about God's certain things that may seem contradictory. God is the One who seeks us and all that you seek Him. It is he who reveals himself and also he who hides. He is the one for which shall be the words of the psalm "Your face, Lord, I seek," and many other words in the Bible, such as the bride of the Song of Songs: "On my bed in the night, I tried the ' beloved of my heart, the 'I tried, but not the' I found. I'll get up and around the city, the streets and squares I want to try the 'beloved of my heart. I 've tried but not the' I found. I had just passed the guards that make the rounds when I found the 'love of my heart ... "(3.1 to 4). But he is also the word that presents him as the shepherd who seeks the lost sheep in the desert, like the woman who sweeps the house to find the lost coin, as a father who waits the prodigal son and wanted him to come back soon. So let God and we have searched for him. But it is certainly he who first loves us, seeks us, raised us, forgives us. At this point, encouraged also by the words of the Song "I have tried and not the 'I found," we ask the question of' atheism, or rather of 'ignorance about God None of us is away from this experience: c' is in us potential that an atheist cries and whispers, every day its hard to believe. This principle is based on the 'initiative' Chair of the non-believers "that would in itself" to put non-believers in the chair "and" hear what they have to say their lack of knowledge of God. " When it comes to "believe in Dio» come fa il catechismo della Chiesa cattolica, si ammette espressamente che c' è nella conoscenza di Dio un qualche atto di fiducia e di abbandono. Noi sappiamo bene che non si può costringere nessuno ad avere fiducia. Io posso donare la mia fiducia a un altro ma soltanto se questi mi sa infondere fiducia. E senza fiducia non si vive (...). L' adesione a Dio comporta un' atmosfera generale di fiducia nella giustezza e nella verità della vita, e quindi nella giustezza e nella verità del suo fondamento. Come dice Hans Küng «che Dio esista, può essere ammesso, in definitiva, solo in base a una fiducia che affonda le sue radici nella realtà stessa». Molti e diversi sono i modi con cui ci si avvicina al mistero di Dio. La nostra tradizione occidentale ha cercato di comprendere Dio possibilmente anche con una definizione. Lo si è chiamato ad esempio Sommo Bene, Essere Sussistente, Essere Perfettissimo... Non troviamo nessuna di queste denominazioni nella tradizione ebraica. La Bibbia non conosce nomi astratti di Dio, mai ne enumera le opere. Si può affermare che ciò che la Bibbia dice su Dio viene detto anzitutto con dei verbi, non con dei sostantivi. Questi verbi riguardano le grandi opere con cui Dio ha visitato il suo popolo. Sono verbi come creare, promettere, scegliere, eleggere, comandare, guidare, nutrire ecc. Si riferiscono a ciò che Dio ha fatto per il suo popolo. C' è quindi un' esperienza concreta, quella di essere stati aiutati in circostanze difficult, where the 'human work has failed. This experience seeks his ultimate reason and find this mysterious being we call God 's other party has any right even to the western tradition. In fact, all creatures have received from God all that are and have. God alone is in itself the fullness of 'being and all perfection, and he who is without origin and without end. However, in the Christian mystery of the nature of God is gradually enveloped by a light as even more mysterious. It is not simply a nature capable of firmly holding itself to be independent, not needing anyone. It is a reality that extends toward the 'other, which is stronger than the relationship and self-giving that is not the possession itself. This is why Jesus on the cross reveals a decisive 's being of God as being for others is the' being of the One who gives and forgives.

Il Corriere della Sera, November 16, 2007
www.corriere.it

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of PIETRO GARIBALDI

Although the government has succeeded in to approve the Finance Act in the Senate, the real policy choices will be played next week with the passage in Parliament of the so-called welfare package. The draft Law on Welfare, un testo tecnicamente separato dalla Finanziaria, contiene infatti la riforma delle pensioni e le modifiche alla normativa sul mercato del lavoro approvate dal governo con le parti sociali lo scorso luglio, e poi sottoposte in autunno dal sindacato a un referendum dei lavoratori.

Durante il passaggio parlamentare in commissione Lavoro, la maggioranza ha ancora una volta dimostrato che le differenze all’interno della coalizione sulle vere scelte di politica economica sono più vive che mai. La commissione Lavoro ha apportato due importanti modifiche rispetto al testo approvato a luglio. Le modifiche riguardano la disciplina dei lavori usuranti e la normativa dei contratti a termine. Entrambe le modifiche vanno chiaramente incontro alle esigenze della vecchia left. The senator said that Dini has been in the Senate, where the package will then move on welfare, will not vote no changes to the text of July. The Council of Ministers yesterday also announced that he will trust in the classroom, but the Minister for Relations with Parliament has not explained whether the trust will be placed on the text of July or amended in committee. The situation is nothing short of chaotic. The legal definition of strenuous work is very important, since this is the identification of those employees who may retire in 2008 with 35 years of service and 57 years of age, thus not having to meet the expected gradual increase in retirement age for the rest Italian workers.

The changes bring the legislation in committee have in fact expanded the total number of those entitled to almost 3 million workers, with significant risks in terms of public expenditure. Welfare Package, which includes the elimination of the famous staircase pension reform introduced by Maroni, already involves a charge of EUR 10 billion. Broadening the audience of strenuous work, the bill is expected to grow already salty. That of strenuous work is a very complicated matter. The only way to define an arduous job is probably to analyze the link between life expectancy and type of work. Matters of this kind should be removed from pure calculation politico e corroborate da analisi scientifiche molto dettagliate, come suggerito da Tito Boeri su queste pagine. La decisione più sensata sarebbe probabilmente quella di confermare al governo una delega, in modo che l’argomento possa essere discusso con maggior rigore in un’apposita commissione. La seconda modifica riguarda la disciplina sui lavoratori a termine. I lavoratori a termine sono oggi in Italia circa il 10 per cento degli occupati, ma riguardano quasi la metà dei lavoratori più giovani. La partita sulle regole del lavoro è un elemento chiave della società italiana, e sarà destinata a tenere banco nella politica economica per i prossimi anni. In quest'ottica, sebbene le decisioni prese dal pacchetto Welfare siano marginali and non-solvers, are being introduced, however, significant limitations to the possibility of using these contracts. In July it was decided that after 36 months of employment to an end at the extension of the contract would have happened only after authorization from union. The Committee on Labour has introduced two further restrictions instead. It would also be considered in the 36 months periods of interruption of employment in general and would like to make a single legitimate extension of eight months. The representatives of employers have established "acceptable" these changes.

Beyond the details of the changes, which seems really bizarre is the method used by the majority of government. On the one hand, it is clear that Parliament is sovereign in the field of social security policy and the regulation of the labor market. On the other hand, one can not forget that the original text of July was not only the result of long negotiations with the social partners, but was then also approved in the workplace for millions of workers. The simplest solution would be consistent and keep strictly to the text agreed with that agreement, but very rarely in Italy the economic policy follows simple and consistent way.

La Stampa, 24 November 2007
www.lastampa.it

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The market serves consistency and equality

of Pietro Ichino

In many discussions I feel renewed the question posed by Piero Ostellino Michele Salvati, Francesco Giavazzi, Nicola Rossi on the Courier and I of 18 October: "How can the Left to his own conversion to liberalism survive?". I answer with a question in my turn, "How can succeed today if liberalism is not the bearer left to do with it? '. A modern society needs to ensure security for all, can not stand excessive disparities in the well-being. We can therefore allow the free market unless we are able to combine it with confidence and support for the weak. And this is typical of the craft left.

Una sinistra che si proponga essenzialmente l'equa ripartizione delle risorse e delle opportunità, garantendola a individui liberi di scegliere, non può fare a meno della tecnica raffinata di governo dell'economia che consiste nel costruire un mercato libero e ben funzionante, eliminandone distorsioni e asimmetrie: finora non è stata inventata alcuna tecnica migliore di questa. Dove non opera un vero mercato concorrenziale, le ingiustizie sono, mediamente, molto più diffuse e più gravi: «Il mercato — ha scritto il grande economista liberal Arthur M. Okun — ha più spesso subito delle limitazioni per salvaguardare il potere e i privilegi per i pochi che per garantire eguali diritti per i molti» (Equality and efficiency, 1975).

The competitive market, however, has a "political failure": it (does not create, but) shows very accurately the differences in ability among individuals. And these, in the transition from industrial society to post-industrial, are strongly increasing. Since the civilization of a country is measured by how its citizens are poor, there is politically difficult to abandon the old techniques authoritative assurance of equal opportunities, which actually generate income positions on the one hand, the other exclusions, but they a comforting illusion of equality among citizens. Abandon those techniques can only be shown his ability to ensure more effectively support the "losers", their inclusion in the large positive-sum game.

Let's apply this idea in the hot field of work. Today, much of yesterday, work to do there is something for everyone: what creates the false perception of a "labor shortage" is the market failure, also caused by an excess of constraints, placed in an attempt (failed ) to ensure that all minimum standards of treatment. Even in the labor market, the real competition is not given 'in kind', it needs rules, but not the jungle of rules that now make it sticky and inaccessible. In a market that would allow a freer meeting between supply and demand - respect for fundamental civil rights - would sweep away the current unjust division between those inside and those who are excluded from the fortified citadel of the regular work, and the employees themselves would be fired entrepreneurs choose the best and worst . But in that market constraints would increase the reduction of differences in treatment between regular workers, highlighting the inequalities in capacity between individuals much more so than today.

most talented or lucky I earn more, and if they would also benefit the middle band, and the last of the row would not risk the exclusion, but they would risk a low wage.

a real liberalization of the labor market - with all the benefits it brings in terms of social mobility, equal opportunities and promotion of merit - is so politically unthinkable only a system capable of giving strong support to the weakest.

A system of this kind is, for example, what governs the labor market in Denmark: great freedom in the contractual relationship between firms and workers, including freedom of redundancy, but at the same time, high-capacity system to join hands with those who lose their place, guaranteeing continuity of income combined with effective information and guidance services, formazione mirata alle possibilità di lavoro effettive, assistenza alla mobilità. Tutto questo è opera di una sinistra politica: appartiene alla tradizione della grande social-democrazia scandinava.

Oggi probabilmente neppure questo basta più: occorre saper fare fronte a disuguaglianze molto più marcate di quelle tipiche della vecchia fabbrica fordista. Qui le nuove frontiere della «costruzione dell'uguaglianza» sono quelle del reddito garantito per tutti i cittadini fino a quindici anni e del potenziamento della scuola, per combattere la disparità delle dotazioni fin dal suo nascere; quella della contribuzione previdenziale a carico dell'erario per i «bassi servizi», i bad jobs; quella dell'esenzione fiscale totale per i redditi di lavoro bassi. Tutti temi tipicamente propri dell'agenda di una sinistra moderna.
Questo non significa che solo la sinistra possa liberalizzare il mercato del lavoro.
Significa che anche la destra, se vuole farlo davvero, deve imparare a fare almeno un po' il mestiere proprio della sinistra.

fonte: www.corriere.it

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